Elbow Dysplasia

Elbow dysplasia is the combined term that describes a number of conditions that affect the growth and development of the elbow.

There are a number of different theories as to why elbow dysplasia occurs but it is often a combination of factors, which leads to the abnormal development of the joint. Defects in cartilage growth, trauma to the joint, genetics, exercise and diet may all play a role in the development and progression of elbow dysplasia.

As a result of this abnormal development, the three bones involved in the elbow joint – the humerus, radius and ulna, do not fit together perfectly. This leads to areas within the joint that experience excessive abnormal high pressure, which can cause a number of different problems.

Elbow dysplasia is most commonly seen in large and giant breed dogs. Labradors, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds and Rottweilers are the most common breeds but it can occur in any breed. The most common age when the symptoms are seen is between 6-10 months of age, however, it can be seen at a later age as the arthritis advances.

Some conditions are more common in certain breeds but any condition may occur in any breed.

Regardless of which condition is affecting the dog, the signs are the same. Lameness/limping in one or both front legs, stiffness (especially after laying down) and reluctance to exercise are the most commonly seen symptoms. As limping is a sign of pain, these symptoms are related to the soreness of the joint.

Orthopaedic examination usually reveals pain and/or swelling in the elbow as well as a restricted range of movement as the joint becomes thickened and the arthritis advances. Diagnsotic imaging is needed to confirm the diagnosis and x-rays are the first imaging modality used. Ununited anconeus process is easier to confirm but other conditions cannot always be differentiated, especially as the arthritis can mask the initiating factor. In these cases, a CT scan can be performed.

In certain case, surgery is needed. However, as the problem in elbow dysplasia is the abnormal development of the joint, it is not possible to reverse the process to achieve a normal joint. All dogs with the condition will develop arthritis even if they undergo surgery.

Conservative measures can be taken to manage the condition such as, weight control, controlled exercise, hydrotherapy and dietary supplements such as Omega 3 fatty acids, chondroitin and glucosamine (prescription diets are available for dogs with arthritis). There are multiple prescription medications available for treating the pain and discomfort associated with arthritis.

Determining the best treatment for each dog is of utmost importance.